Brake Specific Energy Consumption Research Articles

Comparative analysis of ammonia and hydrogen fuel blends in diesel engines on performance, emission, vibration, and acoustic profiles

In the current study two kinds of gaseous fuels, ammonia and hydrogen tested along with the neat diesel. A series of test conducted in the diesel engine for the samples such as diesel, S1, S2, S3 and S4. The samples were varied based on the two different flow rates 5 LPM and 10 LPM. The parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), combustion parameters, emissions, and noise levels were determined. The research suggests that the typical properties of ammonia and hydrogen blends contribute to engine performance and efficiency. The S4 blend, 10 LPM of NH3 and 10 LPM of H2, with a higher hydrogen content, was found to significantly enhance BTE across all engine brake powers compared to conventional diesel fuel. A notable increase in BTE with a climb on the brake power was observed, suggesting superior fuel energy utilization due to the blend's high-energy content. An inverse relationship was established between BTE and BSEC, where diesel demonstrated higher BSEC, indicative of greater thermal loss and inefficiency. Combustion analysis revealed a reduction in heat release rate for ammonia blends, this eventually compensated by hydrogen addition by optimizing autoignition and accelerating combustion. Emission studies highlighted a uniform increase in nitrogen oxides for all blends; however, the combination of hydrogen with ammonia was shown to mitigate NOx formation by lowering flame temperatures. Additionally, vibrational analysis demonstrated that ammonia and hydrogen blends reduce engine vibration, especially at higher loads, and contribute to decreased combustion and exhaust noise.

The Impact of Utilizing Waste Sunflower Oil as a Biodiesel Blend on Four-Stroke Engine Performance and Emissions

The blending of biodiesel with petroleum diesel attracts much attention due to its high potential in reducing emissions. In this work, waste sunflower oil was converted to biodiesel by the trans-esterification method, and it was blended with petroleum diesel in three ratios (10, 30, and 50%). The impact of using these blended fuels in a four-stroke engine on engine performance and exhaust emissions at three engine loads (2, 4, and 6 N.m) was investigated and compared with the use of petroleum diesel and biodiesel. The engine performance was evaluated by determining the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), engine effective power (Ne), brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and noise intensity. The evaluation of emissions from the engine exhaust was carried out by measuring the levels of carbon oxides (CO and CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), and particulate matter (PM). The results show that blending diesel with up to 30% biodiesel can reduce CO, HC, and PM emissions by 29.6 ± 1%, 26.0 ± 4%, and 31.0 ± 3%, respectively. However, this decrease is associated with increasing CO2 and NOx emissions by 18.5 ± 2.5% and 29.0 ± 6%, respectively. In addition, the engine showed acceptable performance when using up to 30% biodiesel, where the increase in fuel consumption was limited to 5.8 ± 0.3%. In addition, the engine’s effective power increased with the blending ratio of 10% by 2.0 ± 0.6%, but then decreased with the blending ratio of 30% by only 2.0 ± 0.6%. The noise intensity was also decreased by 2.4%, while BSEC and BTE were reduced by only 2.9 ± 0.9% and 3.5 ± 1%, respectively. The results of this work provide deep insights regarding the utilization of waste sunflower oil as biodiesel to be blended with petroleum diesel, which is a considerable novel approach in the energy and environmental sectors.

The Experimental Investigation of the Effects on the Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of an RCCI Engine Using Methanol/Diesel Fuel

Reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion is considered one of the most promising low-temperature combustion (LTC) concepts aimed at reducing greenhouse gases for the transportation and power generation sectors. RCCI combustion mode is achieved by combining different fuel types with low and high temperatures. The aim of this study is to investigate combustion characteristics and reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In this experimental study, the effects of the RCCI strategy using methanol/diesel fuel on combustion characteristics (ignition delay, combustion duration), engine performance (brake-specific fuel consumption and brake-specific energy consumption), and emissions were examined in a four-cylinder, turbocharged, dual-fuel engine. The experiments were conducted at a constant speed of 1750 rpm at partial loads (40 Nm, 60 Nm, 80 Nm, and 100 Nm). The test results obtained with diesel fuel were compared with the test results obtained with methanol at different mass flow rates. When the results were examined, the minimum ignition delay (ID) occurred at 40 Nm torque, 5.63 crank angle (CA) with M12 fuel, while the maximum ID occurred with M26 fuel at 80 Nm torque, showing an increasing trend as engine load (EL) increased. The highest combustion time (CD) was achieved with M26 fuel at 100 Nm torque, whereas the lowest was achieved with the same fuel (M26) at 40 Nm. While the minimum brake-specific fuel consumption (bsfc) was 45.9 g/kWh for conventional diesel fuel at 40 Nm, the highest bsfc was 104.88 g/kWh for 100 Nm with M26 fuel. Generally, bsfc tends to increase with increasing load. Brake-specific energy consumption (bsec) had the lowest value of 1950.58 kJ/kWh with conventional diesel fuel at 40 Nm and the highest value of 4034.69 kJ/kWh with M26 fuel at 100 Nm. As the methanol content increased, significant improvements were observed in (NOx) and (CO2) emissions, while hydrocarbon (HC) and oxygen (O2) emissions increased as well. Smoke emissions decreased at low loads but tended to increase at high loads.

Experimental investigation and gray relational optimization of engine parameters to improve the output characteristics of an ammonia biodiesel powered dual fuel combustion engine

An innovative approach to this research is to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of biodiesel with premixed ammonia energy in a dual-fuel combustion engine and determine the best operating conditions for optimal engine responses. Experimental results of a 40% ammonia energy premixing fraction with direct injection of a biodiesel blend of 30% (40%AEPF + B30) at 80% load improved brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 8.42% while reducing brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) by 13.28%. It also reduces the hydrocarbon (HC) emission by 16.8%, the carbon monoxide (CO) emission by 15.06%, and the smoke opacity by 26.8%. As opposed to this, carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are elevated by 21.5% and 16.54%, respectively, relative to the 40% ammonia energy premixing fraction with direct injection of diesel (40%AEPF + Diesel). Thereafter, the ANOVA technique is also utilized to analyze the impact of operational parameters, and the findings show that the responses are statistically significant. Additionally, the results are utilized in a grey relational analysis (GRA) based optimization process to determine the appropriate operational variables. According to optimization results, 40%AEPF + B30 at 80% load provides the most efficiency and fuel economy. It is capable of being used as an alternate fuel instead of conventional diesel.

Investigating the impact of n-heptane (C7H16) and nanoparticles (TiO2) on diesel-microalgae biodiesel blend in CI diesel engines.

Recent global challenges encompass profound environmental pollution and the depletion of finite fuel resources. In this study, the biodiesel used in the mixture was derived from Azolla pinnata microalgae oil through a trans-esterification reaction chosen for its high oil concentration. During the initial phase of the experiment, varying volumes of biodiesel (5%, 10%, and 15%) and n-heptane (5%, 10%, and 15%) were introduced to diesel to form a ternary fuel blend. The experimental outcome shows that an n-heptane and biodiesel mixture of 10% by volume would produce the best results. Next, experiments were carried out by incorporating 10, 40, and 80ppm titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) in a recommended ternary fuel blend. The experimental investigation showed that D80A10H10TNP40 (diesel 80% + biodiesel 10% + n-heptane 10% + TiO2 40ppm) caused a 7.21% increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with a decrease in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) by 9.58% and 10%, respectively, compared to (diesel 80% + biodiesel 20%) D80A20. D80A10H10TNP40 exhibits lower emissions, with a significant reduction of 11.29% and 20.96% in carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC), respectively. Nitrogen oxide (NOX) and smoke emissions were reduced by 3.3% and 11.13%, respectively, compared to D80A10H10. Furthermore, D80A10H10TNP40 demonstrated enhanced combustion properties, comprising a significant rise of 4.39% in-cylinder pressure (CP), 35.29% in heat release rate (HRR), and 25.05% in the rate of pressure rise (RPR). The findings of this investigation indicate that D80A10H10TNP40 exhibits enhanced efficiency, emission, and combustion properties compared to the D80A20 fuel.

Effect of Di-tert Butyl Peroxide on Diesel Engine Performance Fuelled by Biodiesel Blends

This study is motivated by the fact that the vegetable oils are being considered as the fuel of the future for the internal combustion engines, especially the compression ignition engines which are working with diesel as fuel. Different approaches for using the vegetable oils in CI engines as fuel are either to modify the oils to match with that of diesel to run successfully with these oils. Fuel additives are compounds formulated to enhance the quality and efficiency of the fuels used in motor vehicles. There are several benefits associated with the use of fuel additives. Di-tert butyl peroxide (DTBP) is effective for enhance the quality and efficiency of the fuels used in CI engine. The investigation was to check the feasibility of di-tert butyl peroxide as an additive in different blends of diesel and jetropha bio-diesel on engine performance. The short-term tests on an unmodified diesel engine were conducted using the bio diesel and di-tert butyl peroxide blends (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 100 per cent and 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 per cent) with diesel. The engine performance and emission characteristics were measured during the short-term test. In all types of fuel, with increased percentage of load, brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) of the engine was observed to be decreased, on the other hand brake thermal efficiency, fuel consumption rate, sound level (db.), exhaust temperature, and the engine exhaust emissions like CO2, CO, HC and NOx was increased, respectively.

Effect of Additive on Engine Performance with SVO and Biodiesel Blend as Fuel

In this study, experiments are carried out to explore the impact of incorporating Diethyl Ether (DEE) as an additive into biodiesel-Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) blends derived from Pongamia seeds. Our objective was to assess the influences of additives on the engine performance characteristics of a CI engine. The different fuel blends such as BD80+SVO15+DEE5 (comprising 80% biodiesel, 15% SVO, and 5% DEE), BD80+SVO10+DEE10, BD60+SVO35+DEE5, and BD60+SVO30+DEE10 (consisting of 60% biodiesel, 30% SVO, and 10% DEE) are tested and compared these blends with conventional biodiesel and Straight Vegetable Oil blends (BD80+20% SVO and BD60+40%SVO). The inclusion of DEE as an additive had a noticeable impact on engine performance. It significantly improved brake power, reduced Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), lowered Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC), and increased Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE). Additionally, all the blends containing DEE as an additive demonstrated decreased emissions of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Carbon Monoxide (CO), with a slight increase in Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. This research highlights the comparative suitability of DEE as an additive for enhancing the suitability of biodiesel-SVO blends as a fuel source for diesel engines.

Experimental Studies to Reduce Usage of Fossil Fuels and Improve Green Fuels by Adopting Hydrogen–Ammonia–Biodiesel as Trinary Fuel for RCCI Engine

Experimental Studies to Reduce Usage of Fossil Fuels and Improve Green Fuels by Adopting Hydrogen–Ammonia–Biodiesel as Trinary Fuel for RCCI Engine

Efficiency improvement investigation through Miller cycle strategy for SI engine operating on stoichiometric producer gas and methane blends

Decentralized power generation through gasifier-engine system is an attractive alternative for reducing environmental impact and power grid dependency. For effective sewage sludge-waste to end-use electricity generation by engine integration, this work aims to simulate and investigate thermal efficiency enhancement in SI engine by employing late inlet valve close (LIVC) strategy with 12.0:1 geometrical compression ratio miller cycle and operating engine with sewage sludge-based producer gas (SSPG) by blending methane in various proportions. A quasi-dimensional thermodynamic model is simulated to explore SI engine performance, after validation from an experimental reference. Effects of blending SSPG to methane, varying LIVC and spark timing were analyzed respective to indicated thermal efficiency (ITE), indicated power (IP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake power (BP), brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) and emissions (CO and NO). Parametric results were found in trade-off nature of performance corresponding to engine efficiency and power. Thus, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to find the best operating conditions for enhancing performance and diminishing emissions of the blended fuel SI engine. 64.7 % SSPG Blend, 70.33⁰ (ABDC) LIVC, and 34.03⁰ (BTDC) SOI were found as optimum operating parameters corresponding to the generated optimal responses of 35.47 % ITE, 5.18 kW IP, 27.95 % BTE, 4.08 kW BP, 12.671 MJ/kWh BSEC, and 0.688 V% CO, 1456.93 ppm NO emissions. The ANOVA-based regression model shows composite desirability of 0.8 with 95 % confidence level. In summary, the optimization method and optimal operation parameters offer significant reference for improving engine performance for high CR miller cycle-based LIVC approach.

Response surface optimization approach to enhance the performance of diesel engine using ternary blends of biobutanol and biodiesel doped with ZnO nanoparticles

The major challenge currently is posed by the implementation of stringent emission norms with desired engine performance in the Diesel engine. To reduce India’s reliance on imported fossil fuels, an approach that combines waste reduction strategies, recycling initiative, and responsive utilization of waste to energy solutions can play a key role in addressing the environmental issues and self reliance of energy demand. The present work is based on the optimization of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) on the variable compression ratio Diesel engine using ternary blends of Biobutanol, biodiesel, and diesel through Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The process parameters include ternary blends (Biobutanol: 0–10% v/v; biodiesel: 0–20% v/v; and diesel), ZnO: 0–100 ppm, and compression ratio: 16–20. The performance is achieved through the optimized values at a compression ratio of 18.13, nanoparticles concentration of 62.39 ppm, biodiesel content of 11.45% v/v, and Biobutanol content of 5.04 % v/v. The engine's optimized parameters comprise a 65.9 bar cylinder pressure (CP), 67.18 J/℃A of heat release rate (HRR), 31.27% brake thermal efficiency (BTE), 13.224 MJ/kW-h brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), 0.057% volume of carbon monoxide (CO), 31.05 ppm of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), 555.8 ppm oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and 28.8 % smoke. Validation of the optimized parameters is conducted through actual engine experimental trials, with errors falling within permissible limits of less than 5%. The results suggest that ternary blends will serve as a feasible alternative for Compression Ignition (CI) engines.

Experimental investigation of Chia (Salvia Hispanica L) seed oil as a novel promising feedstock for the CI engine

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed oil is a novel renewable energy resource for synthesis of biodiesel. In the current research work, chia seed oil methyl ester (CSME) was synthesized by transesterification using an alkaline catalyst (CH3ONa-0.42%) and alcohol (methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1) at 65 °C, which yields 96.58%. The synthesized CSME was characterized by GC-MS and FTIR analysis. Effect of various CSME biodiesel-diesels blends (CSME10, 20 and 30) on engine performance, exhaust emission, and combustion was studied at various engine loads. The obtained results reveal that maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) using CSME10 was observed to be 30.29%, which is closer to diesel fuel (DF). Similarly, the brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) of the diesel engine using CSME10 increased only by 2.14%, whereas using CSME20 and CSME30, the BSEC increased to about 4.55% and 8.16%, respectively. The combustion parameters showed a maximum reduction in cylinder pressure and cumulative heat release rate as 1.87% and 1.32%, respectively, for CSME10 as compared to DF. The emissions showed significant reductions of NOx, HC, CO, and smoke as 1.24%, 1.51%, 3.03%, and 2.14%, respectively, with CSME10 as compared to DF. Therefore, CSME10 is the optimal alternative fuel for diesel engines.

Experimental exploration of hydrogen fuelled dual fuelled CRDI equipped diesel engine coupled with exhaust gas recirculation using ANN approach

The usage of diesel engines in the automobile and agricultural industries is growing daily. Therefore, this study aims to reduce the rate of exhaust emissions from water-cooled 4-stroke-single cylinder CRDI-equipped diesel engines by using hydrogen along with the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technique. The results proved that the dual-fuelled diesel engine enriched with 6 ms of hydrogen flow rate and 10% EGR promotes excellent engine characteristics. However, the reduced NOX emission was observed from 10% EGR application. Compared to pure diesel, the proposed dual fuel combination promotes 56.3%, 33%, 15.38%, 40% and almost 50% reduction in HC, CO, NOX, CO2 and smoke emissions. Similarly, the engine performances, such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), have also been improvised. The maximum increment achieved for BTE is 7.6%, and the maximum reduction achieved for BSEC is 8.12%. Besides, the ANN model predicts the engine performance and emissions with a correlation coefficient of 0.964, 0.945, 0.98, 0.807, 0.979, 0.900, and 0.90 for BTE, BSEC, CO, CO2, NOX, HC and smoke respectively. A root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 1 was observed for the ANN prediction model, indicating that both the actual and predicted results agree better.

The combined effect of hydrogen enrichment and exhaust gas recirculation on the combustion stability, performance and emissions of CI engine energized by algae biodiesel

The scarcity of fossil fuels, the rising cost of liquid fuels, and the wide pollution footprint of conventional fuels all motivate scientists to seek out new approaches. This experimental study aims to explore the performance and emissions of compression ignition (CI) engines by introducing hydrogen into a biodiesel blend derived from algae. According to this study, the superior thermal properties of hydrogen associated with algal biodiesel have a significant impact on the performance and emissions of dual-fuel engines. The effect of hydrogen substitution rates of 10.4, 21.6, 32.4, 43.2, and 54 g per hour (g/h) on pure algae biodiesel was investigated. In comparison to diesel, the algae biodiesel reduces unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 4.1% and 8.82%, respectively, while nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions increase by 18%. Diesel was found to have increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and decreased brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) compared to biodiesel. With the addition of pure biodiesel, the 43.2 g/h H2 substitution rate produces a maximum thermal efficiency of 1.92% and a 9.5% decrease in brake-specific energy consumption compared to diesel at maximum load. Compared to diesel, the emission attributes of UHC, CO, and smoke opacity decreased by about 45%, 48%, and 41%, respectively. However, NOx emissions increase by about 36% compared to diesel due to the higher flame temperature and carbon-free fuel of hydrogen and oxygenated biodiesel. The induction of 15% exhaust gas with B100 + 43.2 g/h H2 reduces NOx by about 31% in comparison to B100 + 43.2 g/h H2 without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). This is primarily attributable to the high oxygen dilution and specific heat capacity of burned gases, which result in a decrease in peak cycle temperature. Compared to diesel, B100 + 43.2 g/h H2 increased the cylinder pressure and heat release rate by about 1.86 and 4.29%, respectively. As a result of its high energy density, hydrogen improves overall energy utilization and engine performance. Hydrogen's rapid flame speed and wide flammability range contribute to the efficient and complete combustion of the algae fueling the CI engine. As well as showing outstanding performance, dual fuel CI engines have the potential to significantly contribute to lowering emissions. Finally, it was determined that using algae biodiesel and exhaust gas recirculation with hydrogen substitution in diesel engines can significantly reduce emissions while increasing efficiency.

Investigation into the Ideal Concoction for Performance and Emissions Enhancement of Jatropha Biodiesel-Diesel with CuO Nanoparticles Using Response Surface Methodology.

The present work covers the preparation of biodiesel from jatropha oil through the transesterification process followed by its characterization, and furthermore, performance and emission analyses were done in terms of blending biodiesel with fossil diesel and CuO nanoparticles. Jatropha biodiesel blends (B10, B20, and B30) were chosen for this preliminary investigation based on the observation that B20 outperformed other blends. Next stage B20 with copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticle concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 50 ppm are used to examine the performance and emission characteristics of a constant speed single cylinder, 4-stroke, 3.5 kW compression ignition (CI) engine. Finally, The response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to determine the optimal nanoparticle concentration for B20. The results revealed that the blend of B20 with 80 ppm nanoparticles had the highest desirability (0.9732), and the developed RSM model was able to predict engine responses with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 3.113%. A confirmation test with an error in prediction of less than 5% verified the model's adequacy. When comparing optimized B20CuO80 to diesel, brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) increased by 8.49% and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was lowered by 3.34%. Hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and smoke emissions were reduced by 3.66% and 2.88%, 4.78%, 22.9%, and 20.54%, respectively, at 80% load. As a result, the B20 blend with nanoparticle concentrations of 80 ppm may be used in current diesel engines without engine modification.

Experimental investigation of preheated ethyl ester of palm oil for a common rail direct injection diesel engine

The main aim of this research work is to study the performance and exhaust emissions of a common rail direst injection diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm under load variation by preheating fuels. Fuels are a neat ethyl ester of palm oil (EEPO) and its blended with diesel for the ratios of 10–50% v/v. The fuels are preheated to 65 ± 2 °C and 80 ± 5 °C, respectively. The results of preheated fuels compared with conventional diesel show the changes in performance parameters and exhaust emissions. The preheated neat EEPO resulted in the permutation of performance parameters. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) reduced while the brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) increased, by 5%. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitric oxide (NO) were raised up to 18%, but carbon monoxide (CO) was dropped by 16%. Outstandingly, the preheated conventional diesel mixed with 10% EEPO improved the BTE and the BSEC by 2%. The preheating conventional diesel mixed with increasing EEPO (10–50% v/v) caused the increasing CO2 and NO but the CO emissions were continuously reduced.

Performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine with post-treated plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel blend

Conversion of waste plastics into energy products is an effective waste management technique as they constitute a considerable portion of solid waste at present. In this study, distilled diesel fraction of Plastic Pyrolysis Oil (PPO) named Distilled Plastic Diesel (DPD) was hydrotreated named hydrotreated plastic diesel (HPD) and blended with commercial diesel fuel by 15:85 ratio (wt%), defined as HPD15, to experimentally investigate the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition (CI) engine. The experiment was done in 4-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine with an eddy current dynamometer testbed at full load (100 % engine load) and an engine speed of 1200–2400 rpm with 300 rpm intervals. The results are compared with neat diesel fuel data at the same operating conditions. This study found that HPD15 performed better or comparable with diesel fuel. Overall, the brake power (BP) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of HPD15 were higher than diesel fuel by a maximum of about 4.77 % and 3.77 %, respectively. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of HPD15 was lower at all operating speeds (by a maximum of about 4.66 %) and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) was lower in most of the operating speeds (by a maximum of about 3.77 %). This study also revealed that CO2 at some operating speeds and NOx emission at all operating speeds for HPD15 are lower than diesel fuel. However, CO and unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) emission are slightly higher for HPD15 than diesel at all speeds. Overall, HPD15 can be recommended as a suitable alternative for diesel fuel without any engine modification.

Modelling of compression ignition engine by soft computing techniques (ANFIS-NSGA-II and RSM) to enhance the performance characteristics for leachate blends with nano-additives

Integrating nanoparticles in waste oil-derived biodiesel can revolutionize its performance in internal combustion engines, making it a promising fuel for the future. Nanoparticles act as combustion catalysts, enhancing combustion efficiency, reducing emissions, and improving fuel economy. This study employed a comprehensive approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative analyses, to investigate the influence of selected input parameters on the performance and exhaust characteristics of biodiesel engines. The focus of this study is on the potential of using oils extracted from food waste that ended up in landfills. The study's results are analysed and compared with models created using intelligent hybrid prediction approaches including adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, Response surface methodology-Genetic algorithm, and Non sorting genetic algorithm. The analysis takes into account engine load, blend percentage, nano-additive concentration, and injection pressure, and the desired responses are the thermal efficiency and specific energy consumption of the brakes, as well as the concentrations of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon, and oxides of nitrogen. Root-mean-square error and the coefficient of determination were used to assess the predictive power of the model. Comparatively to Artificial Intelligence and the Response Surface Methodology-Genetic Algorithm model, the results provided by NSGA-II are superior. This is because it achieved a pareto optimum front of 24.45 kW, 2.76, 159.54 ppm, 4.68 ppm, and 0.020243% for Brake Thermal Efficiency, Brake Specific Energy Consumption, Oxides of nitrogen, Unburnt Hydro Carbon, and Carbon monoxide. Combining the precision of ANFIS's prediction with the efficiency of NSGA-optimization II's gives a reliable and thorough evaluation of the engine's settings. The qualitative assessment considered practical aspects and engineering constraints, ensuring the feasibility of applying the parameters in real-world engine applications.

Performance-emission effect of n-butanol in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition regimes of biodiesel combustion

ABSTRACT A comprehensive investigation has been undertaken to explore the effect of split injection phasing under simultaneous port fuel-injected butanol-induced reactivity phasing on the standard biodiesel combustion regimes in an existing single-cylinder diesel engine. Experiments were conducted on a four-stroke single-cylinder CI engine coupled with a manifold intake system at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Butanol injected (0 ms, 2 ms, 3 ms, 4 ms) through the PFI system was varied along with the split injection timing (55° PISA −23° MISA CA bTDC, 45° PISA −15° MISA CA bTDC, 35° PISA −5° MISA CA bTDC) and pilot injection quantity (25%, 50%, 75%) of Mahua biodiesel. Analysis revealed that the minimum brake-specific energy consumption and the highest exergy efficiency registered were respectively 28.86% lower and 110.29% higher than baseline biodiesel operation. The emission parameters of NOX, Soot, CO, and unburnt hydrocarbons under the induced RCCI regimes also registered a drastic 58.56%, 82.48%, 83.48%, and 97% lower footprint than baseline diesel operation at full load.

Experimental evaluation and neural network modelling of reactivity-controlled compression ignition engine using cashew nut shell oil biodiesel-alumina nanoparticle blend and gasoline injection

The current desire is for enhanced combustion techniques that improve engine efficiency while successfully reducing emissions. Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion encompasses the ability to increase fuel efficiency and decrease oxides of nitrogen emissions compared to conventional compression ignition (CI) combustion. This study presents a novel investigation that focuses on the capabilities of the RCCI engine, utilizing a unique combination of gasoline and diesel blended with cashew nut shell oil biodiesel (CNSOB) and the addition of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles. CNSOB extracted from waste shell has an oil content of 30–35 wt% yield. The cost of the oil range between is ₹. 40–50 in India. The engine operates on a blend of gasoline, known for its low reactivity, and diesel blended with CNSOB, a renewable and environmentally friendly alternative to diesel. The effects of varying proportions of the blend (B0, B50, and B100) and the addition of Al2O3 nano additive (25 and 50 ppm) on the efficiency and emissions of RCCI combustion are comprehensively analyzed experimentally. The results reveal that RCCI combustion significantly improves engine performance compared to compression ignition engines. A 2% increase in maximum in-cylinder pressure indicates improved combustion efficiency. Furthermore, fuel economy is improved by up to 2% due to increased engine brake thermal efficiency (BTE). Further, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are reduced by up to 54% during RCCI combustion, demonstrating its potential for reducing pollution. Utilizing CNSOB biodiesel results in a 50% reduction in hydrocarbon (HC) emissions as well as a 17% reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. This indicates improved air quality and reduces environmental pollution. The incorporation of Al2O3 nano additives into the RCCI engine results in a 5% reduction in brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), showing better engine energy efficiency. Based on the results of the investigation, a neural network framework was developed. The neural network framework was developed to replicate both the efficiency and pollution parameters of the RCCI engine using the experimentally determined relationship between input factors and output parameters. The neural network model was trained using 70% of the available data, and its performance was evaluated by comparison of predictions with the corresponding observations from experiments. The forecast outcomes matched those of the trial, demonstrating the artificial neural network (ANN) models effectiveness and precision in predicting the engine performance and emissions.

Investigation on Ammonia-Biodiesel Fueled RCCI Combustion Engine Using a Split Injection Strategy.

Advanced combustion concepts in compression ignition are emerging as one of the most promising solutions to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particle emissions without sacrificing fuel efficiency. Among many advanced combustion concepts, reactive controlled compression ignition (RCCI) can achieve a wider working range. In this study, to implement RCCI operation, ammonia gas is introduced through the manifold as a low-reactive fuel, and biodiesel is injected directly as a high-reactivity fuel with a 40:60 energy ratio. The effect of biodiesel split ratio in a split injection strategy (pre- and main injections) is examined under varied load conditions, and the results are compared with ammonia/biodiesel single injection. Results indicate that the use of the 45% biodiesel split ratio at full load boosts the peak in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate and shifts the peak occurrence toward the top dead center (TDC). An increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) to 36.22% and reduced brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) to 8.75 MJ/kWh are 12.33% higher and 19.31% lower than ammonia/biodiesel single injection. Emissions of HC, CO, and smoke opacity were reduced to 50 ppm, 0.098% vol, and 15.6%, which are 34.21, 39.13, and 33.89% lower, while the emission of NOx was increased to 615 ppm, which is 36.06% higher than the single-injection ammonia/biodiesel RCCI combustion.